The Postal Service ( Usps ) - 1541 Words

Abstract Since 1971, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) has been a self-supporting government agency that covers its operating costs with revenues generated through the sales of postage and related products and services. The USPS is experiencing significant financial challenges. After running modest profits from FY2003 through FY2006, the USPS lost $41.1 billion between FY2007 and FY2012. Since FY2011, the USPS has defaulted on $11.1 billion in payments to its Retiree Health Benefits Fund (RHBF). The agency has reached its $15 billion borrowing limit and is low on cash. In October 2012, the USPS bolstered its liquidity by withdrawing all of the cash from its competitive products fund. Background On the day July 26th, 1775, the U.S. postal system is established by the Second Continental Congress, with Benjamin Franklin as its first postmaster general. Franklin (1706-1790) put in place the foundation for many aspects of today’s mail system. During early colonial times in the 1600s, few American colonists needed to send mail to each other; it was more likely that their correspondence was with letter writers in Britain. Mail deliveries from across the Atlantic were sporadic and could take many months to arrive. There were no post offices in the colonies, so mail was typically left at inns and taverns. In 1753, Benjamin Franklin, who had been postmaster of Philadelphia, became one of two joint postmasters general for the colonies. He made numerous improvements to the mail system,Show MoreRelatedThe Postal Service ( Usps )1433 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States Postal Service (USPS). The USPS continues to struggle financially and has not shown a profit since th e year of 2007. Congress continues to place pressure to privatize the postal service and to run like any other organization. Unlike other for profit organizations and businesses the USPS receives benefits from Congress such as bailouts when they cannot meet payroll, and are exempt for paying federal and state taxes. On the other side of the coin, the Postal Service must go beforeRead MoreEssay on Usps: the Future of Postal Service619 Words   |  3 PagesUSPS: The Future of Postal Service Since December 2011, discussions have been made about different actions for the U.S. Postal Service to implement in order for the company to stay in business, provide service, and become financially stable again. Options of cutting its’ network of mail-processing centers in half have been in the mix. This will affect a substantial amount of employees who work in these centers. Businesses and citizens who rely on the postal service for communication and shippingRead MoreUsps Deficit : Problems Plaguing America s Postal Service3857 Words   |  16 Pages USPS Deficit: Problems Plaguing America’s Postal Service By Deborah Alicea Lauryn Famiano Enrique Gonzalez Minyi Huang MGT 231 Organizational Behavior Professor Linval Frazer September 4, 2014 Table of Contents Problems of USPS 1 Related Concepts 4 Recommandations 6 1. Innovating Technology System 6 2. Cutting Costs 7 3. Changing Business Model 9 4. Improving communication 10 Conclusion 11 Work Cites 12 Problems of USPS In today’s society the technology of smartphones,Read MoreThe United States Postal Service1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Postal Service is a natural monopoly in the delivery of first class mail, as the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act prevents any other firms from delivering letter mail (Jaag, 2014). The reason for this was to allow one firm to specialize in mail delivery; therefore being the most efficient way to ensure the rest of the country received their mail on time. After all, receiving mail in a timely manner is critical for society to function. Imagine if everyone received their bills and lettersRead MoreMonopoly Of The United States Postal1483 Words   |  6 PagesMONOPOLY OF THE UNITED STATES POSTAL SEVICE There are few remaining monopolies today. Apple and Wal-Mart are both world-renowned monopolies. Another monopoly is the United States Postal Service. The United States Postal Service is a natural monopoly in the delivery of first class mail, as 1970’s legislation prevents any other firms from delivering letter mail. The reason for this was to allow one firm to specialize in mail delivery; therefore being the most efficient way to ensure the rest of theRead MoreUsps Case #11032 Words   |  5 PagesU.S. Postal Service Case 1 1. Why is it important for the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) to have a high volume of mail to process? The United States Postal Service (USPS) has grown to become the largest provider of mail service in the world during one of the peaks of its economic lifetime. As the company grew bigger and bigger to accommodate the increased demand for its services, the USPS increased its productive capacity through expansion by acquiring the necessary equipment and other technologicalRead MoreLaws Affecting The Agency Of The United States Postal Service1485 Words   |  6 PagesLaws Affecting The Agency When it comes to The United States Postal Service, I did not think they would have many court cases, especially dealing with diversity and mistreatment in the workplace. During my research, however, I was proven wrong. The Postal Service has had quite a few court cases, while many of them relate to ethical and discriminatory issues. Individuals have felt that the Postal Service sometimes judge applicants or workers by their lifestyle or ethnicity. This in turn shows badRead MoreSaving the USPS Through Privitization Essay example989 Words   |  4 Pagesand because of competitors like FedEx and UPS the United States Postal Service (USPS) is having financial problems. All over the world there has been sweeping postal reform. New Zealand moved to three day mail delivery, Canada eliminated home delivery in cities, and the United Kingdom recently privatized their mail system. The United States Postal office has been losing money and reported a loss of $15.9 billion dollars in 2012. The U SPS has been increasing stamp prices to make up for this financialRead MoreExternal/Internal Factors Affect the 4 Functions of Management1431 Words   |  6 PagesExternal/Internal Factors of an Organization Team B has decided to do our paper on the United States Postal Service. The reason for this is that this service utilizes each of the functions such as globalization, the newest technology, the best innovations, and diversity and ethics combined all in one great service we each use on a daily basis in one way or another. During the reading of this paper, one will find that the following has been researched and discussed: the explanation of the four functionsRead MoreBankrupt Or Billion Dollar Retirement Fund?1160 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that the USPS isn t going out of business. I Attention: Attention getter: Everyone wants to save money and everyone hates to see postage going up. You have probably been told that the reason is because the USPS is going bankrupt, but do you really know why? Purpose statement: By the end of today I hope you will consider doing one of the hardest things in your life; pick up a pen and paper and write a letter to each of your congressmen urging them to revise the postal accountability and

A Rose for Emily Essay 2 Free Essays

According to the narrator, the town of Jefferson views Miss Emily as dear, inescapable, impervious and tranquil. A common definition for â€Å"dear† is loved or beloved. I am not very convinced that this is the meaning that Faulkner had in mind when describing Miss Emily. We will write a custom essay sample on A Rose for Emily Essay 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now However she was an icon of the town, and well known. Due to Miss Emily’s history with the town the town people do a have a found respect for her. Dear can also mean important which would fit because she and her past have always been an important part of the town’s history. Another definition of dear is appealing or pretty. This is ironic because as Miss Emily ages she becomes the opposite. She is described as looking â€Å"bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water†; making it quite clear she is far from appealing. Another word the narrator uses to describe Miss Emily is â€Å"inescapable†. This word means just what it sounds like. Literally, Miss Emily doesn’t even ever leave, or â€Å"escape†, her house and is rarely seen out in public. This goes along with her being described as a recluse. The Board of Aldermen sees her as an inescapable problem because she refuses to pay the taxes. The town feels as if they are inescapable from her because she unconsciously does things that draw attention to her. She refuses to pay her taxes; she leaves dead bodies in the house, which makes a putrid smell emerge, and creates a distress among the town people. The town people in turn, must find ways to cover up the smell and sneakily go and cover it up in the late hours of the night. â€Å"Impervious†, is another word used to explain Miss Emily’s behavior. The definition â€Å"incapable of being influenced, persuaded or affected†, applies specifically to this story. Miss Emily is extremely stubborn. She refuses to pay her taxes even after the Board of Aldermen’s best efforts to persuade her to pay them. They send notices, hand written letters and even a deputation to her house. She simply refuses. She is unaffected by the people of the town and lives individually for the majority of her life. Another definition is â€Å"not permitting penetration or passage†. This applies specifically to her house. Her house offers no visitors for years upon years. No one is seen entering or exiting the house besides Emily occasionally and Negro male servant. Miss Emily is also described as being â€Å"tranquil†, meaning calm; free from commotion or tumult. To the people on the outside Miss Emily is seen as tranquil because nothing exciting ever appears to be going on in her household, people never come and go and she seems to be somewhat content with her life. She doesn’t ever seem to create a seen or commotion aside from her refusal to pay the taxes. Another definition is: â€Å"free from or unaffected by disturbing emotions†. Miss Emily doesn’t seem to be affected by the emotions of love, which leads many people to pity her. She does seem to love a man name Homer when he comes along, but this does cause Miss Emily to be affected by emotions, little do the town people know. The last word used to describe Miss Emily would be perverse. The most fitting definition I found for perverse that pertains to Miss Emily would be â€Å"wicked, or corrupt†. Miss Emily is definitely wicked and corrupt. She would also be categorized as grotesque. Many things Miss Emily do supports this theory. Miss Emily seemed to have found love in Homer Barron but because he would not marry her she went to the extreme and murdered him. She bought arsenic and poisoned him one day. As if murdering him wasn’t enough, she left his body in her bed, surrounded in a bridal decorated room. To add to her perverseness, when people finally entered the house on the day of her funeral, they noticed that on the pillow next to his dead body in the bed, there was an â€Å"indentation of a head†, and they saw â€Å"a long strand of iron-gray hair. † Miss Emily’s hair was iron gray. This makes clear that Miss Emily continued to sleep with the dead body of Homer Barron. Needless to say, Miss Emily was an extremely perverse human being. How to cite A Rose for Emily Essay 2, Essays

Essay on My Favorite Cartoon Character Example For Students

Essay on My Favorite Cartoon Character The role of animated films in child’s mentality The role of animated films in the upbringing of a child has recently been increasingly emphasized by the media, film critics, psychologists, and educators. Numerous sociological studies indicate that modern cartoons can not only affect the behavior of the child but also contribute to the formation of his worldview in many ways. Bright and entertaining cartoons have always been loved by children from every corner of the planet. They have a lot of advantages. Their ability to educate, develop, and nurture certain qualities in children, make them able to compete with childrens books, developing games and even human communication. The child learns through cartoons about ways of interacting with the world around him, forms his primary beliefs about good and evil. By associating oneself with the cartoon characters, the child learns a respectful attitude to others, learns to fight with his fears. In general, he learns how to behave in this or that situation. The cartoon is effectively used in the upbringing of the child since it has a great influence on the formation of his worldview, thinking, and the notion of standards of good and bad behavior. My favorite cartoon character When I was a little girl, I had a lot of cartoons that still occupy a large space in my heart. Some of them like ‘Shrek,’ ‘Madagascar’ and ‘Toy story’ are still popular among children and some of them like ‘Ducktales,’ ‘Woody Woodpecker’ and ‘Chip n Dale’ are unfortunately forgotten. One of my favorite cartoons is called ‘Brave.’ It was created by animation studio ‘Pixar’ in 2012. The idea and plot belong to the American writer Brenda Chapman. I just adore the main character of this cartoon. She even was my idol. Her name is Merida, and she is a Scottish Princess. Merida looks gorgeous and has beautiful, long and curly hair of a red color. She has a cheerful and kind family. Father — the king, three naughty brothers, and beautiful and elegant queen mother. Merida is very similar to her father — the brave warrior king with a wild heart. Mom always wanted Merida to grow up like a real princess — well-bred, elegant and refined. She constantly tries to put her daughter in the right direction; she wants to marry her daughter to the king from another kingdom. However, the princess likes to shoot arrows and walk in the woods. One day Merida quarrels with her mother and wants to change her. She goes to a witch and makes a wish for the queen to become different. Her mother actually changes — she turns into a bear. Merida realizes her mistake and begins to look for a way to fix it. Together with her mother, they experience many adventures and dangers before the princess manages to cancel the spell. You will definitely enjoy the visual component. It will attract all the lovers of the Middle Ages because its actions take place in beautiful and fairy Scotland. My favorite cartoon is a good and educative story. On the experience of the princess, it shows that you should not think only about yourself, and what unexpected consequences this can lead to. This is a cartoon about how hard it is to fix all the bad things that we do to our loved ones and how important it is to value what you have. My cartoon essay has a goal to make you necessarily watch this cartoon and show it to your children and parents. It is definitely worth it, and you will get only positive emotions and impressions.

Longfellow Essays - Massachusetts, Horse Racing,

Longfellow And Lowell Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and James Russell Lowell were great poets of their time. Although, they have many similarities, they also are very different. Both Longfellow and Lowell were great writers of their time. They were both poets in a group of four called the Fireside Poets. The Fireside Poets were great writers in the 1800's. Longfellow and Lowell were born into rich families. They aslo often wrote about nature, Longfellow wrote "The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls" and "A Psalm of Life". Lowell wrote "The First Snowfall" and "Auspex" . All of these poems have to do with nature, although the stories behind each poem are different. They also both had much tragedy in their life. Both had lost loved ones. Longfellow suffered the tragic deaths of two wives. His wife, Mary Potter, suffered a miscarriage and died of the resulting infection. Eight years later Longfellow married Frances Appleton. The marriage was cut short when she dies in a fire. Longfellow grew a think beard to cover the scars he received when he went into the house to try to save her. For Lowell, tragedy also hit. Three of his four children died in infancy and he lost his wife as well. ADAMS 2 Longfellow and Lowell also had many differences. Longfellow was educated at Bowdoin College. He then pursued further studies in Europe and later became a professor at Bowdoin. Later he became a professor of Modern Languages at Harvard. Lowell went to Harvard Law School but disliked it and gave it up after three years. He then went toward his passion of poetry. Longfellow grew to be known as the most famous fireside poet. He ( unlike Lowell ) was able to overcome all the tragedy in his life to excel in his poetry. Lowell's writing was deeply flawed by his sorrow. He wrote poetry about his sorrow. In "The First Snowfall" , he writes about his deceased children. That is why Longfellow became the most famous fireside poet. In closing, both Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and James Russell Lowell were great writers of their time who have had a strong influence on many people. Their poetry will live on forever.

Analyzing the Marketing Environment Essays

Analyzing the Marketing Environment Essays Analyzing the Marketing Environment Paper Analyzing the Marketing Environment Paper The faster the device is or the larger the screen and ore compact it is the faster people buy them. With todays changes in technology, the sky is the limit. If it can be imagined it can be made. As the demand for more advanced high tech products hits the market, the demand grows even larger. Companies that manufacture such products have planned the next generation Of each new product to keep the demand for these gadgets by advertising newer and better features. Last years model may still be stored in a warehouse somewhere and this years model is being, advertised to hit the market in a matter of months. By saturating, the market with a particular reduce prompts the techno junkies to spend hundreds or thousands of dollars on that new model of cell phone computer or POD. Corporations depend on this so they promote sales to clear out warehouse to make room for the next big thing. In the auto world as the demand for smarter more technology advanced vehicles are, advertised the greater the demand is by the consumers. More people want the latest and greatest additions specifically young single people who work multiple jobs and need a vehicle that will give them 40 gallons to the mile or 500 hundred miles per tank. Young married couples are not to, be left out of the equation either. As we see advertised on n. the young couple with one or two children and a dog help to sell the idea that a specific model of car is what should, be driven to express the point that this car is what should be purchased because it is the right one to buy. In this advertisement, you have what every new married couple of wants a safe, good looking and economical vehicle. Auto companies market this idea to this group of people to sell a particular type car. By showing, the dashboard with the built in GAPS ND other safety features people go to the show rooms to see all of the new technology. Taking a test drive to realize what the gadgets can do helps to make the sale. Cars and Subs are almost like home on the road these days they will accommodate most of our needs according to which extras are included when the vehicle is ordered. Each of the many automotive companies must know what the other company is doing to sell the customer their product. So they make specific changes to a type of technology in there vehicle. These changes can be similar but different in regards to placement and nonviolence. On the other hand it maybe a new; innovation for this model vehicle. One of the newer advancements sold by automakers is the hands free phone system. This system is not exactly supported by the government according to a, web article from intranet magazine The Week. Loads crusade against testing while driving was bad enough, but this draconian ban is ridiculous. It wont make roads safer cell phone bans in three states didnt reduce accidents -? its just the latest intrusion by the federal government into a matter better left up to the states. Staff, 2010) However, many people who are responsible drivers would tell you that this feature is necessary. Having the ability to dial, answer and talk on your cell phone by voice control without using your hands is a welcome addition in this busy world of constant communication. Not having to hold the phone, dial and talk on it while driving is very safe for driv ers who understand the consequences. To push the point a little further as new, innovations make cars smarter they also demand that the driver be more, informed about how to use these improvements properly and safely. With any new product sold to the public trial and error will prove its reliability. If a new product or improvement to a specific car fails or causes the driver or its passenger to get hurt due to this failure. The rest of the automotive world will take note and take the necessary steps to change or repair the system that may be at fault if there, system works in the same fashion via the recall process. Once all of the changes are, made and the car is deemed, safe again. We may see a new automaker at the next years auto show featuring their new product with these improvements for this system.

Becoming Wonderful; Leaving Wonderland

Telling stories of Alice’s greatadventures, I stand in my ninth grade english classroom, a desolate young girl whose only passion is to be a writer, yet here she stands performing someone else’s work. The desks sit in a broad semi-circle, taking much inspiration from a greek theatre and I stand at the center of it all, performing a Lewis Carroll poem. My voice shakes sending shivers down my spine as I preform. The timid, tiny thirteen year old I was wanted nothing more than to show my class that I was a writer and somehow, I thought I could convey that by reading someone else’s work. Nonetheless, when my teacher asked who wanted to compete in the school wide poetry competition, I couldn’t even raise my hand. I just let my ambition slowly cease out. That was one of the few opportunities I had to express my passion for writing and literature in my first two years of high school. However, it wasn’t the lack of opportunity that shook me, it was the fact that opportunities wouldn’t be handed to me, it was the first time I realized that if I wanted something to happen, I had to go for it. For a while, I let this tsunami of self-doubt forecast in my life, throwing me briefly off course. As I felt myself sinking further done a rabbit hole of loneliness and disparity. I slowly seemed to find myself crying an ocean of tears that I would soon drown in. I didn’t want the inevitable to be true. Thankfully, I quickly realized there are two ways out of this rabbit hole: 1. I stay, still, where I am, never expressing my writing, waiting for opportunity or 2. Express my writing, take each opportunity and run with it, get out of the rabbit hole with self-determination. With this realization, I shifted my point of view, to option two. I wrote my pain into sonnets and stories that, in tenth grade,I was finally able to preform in front of my class with no shivers just utter confidence. I took the lessons I had learned in freshman and sophomore year, and thoroughly applied them throughout my junior year. I began submitting stories to competitions, I applied for newspaper, and tried out for slam poetry. I did things that would never have happened to me in the ninth grade because I didn’t wait for them to happen — I made them happen. Now, I can say: I am a writer. I am not just a girl too scared to perform someone else’s work or a girl whose work is filled by her pain; but a girl whose pain inspired her work, whose fear only pushes her farther out of her box. Out of that box and on to a stage, I stand, the theater seats filled to it’s brim with almost 400 hundred people, I approach the stage, the bright, white lights nearly b lind me but I don’t let it deter me. Now I can’t see anyone’s face but even if I could I don’t think I would shake. Today, I can stand, in front of a microphone, in front of a much larger audience. Not performing someone else’s poem. I am preforming my own work.

Value at Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Value at Risk - Essay Example Risk management methods and nature varies from industry to industry like it can't be same for project management, industrial process and financial portfolios. From a management view point, risk management is an important tool which is used in decision making because it is systematic and well structured. For better utilization of risk management in management's decisions, risk analyst's reports must be based on the latest and best available information. The cause behind the mentioning of the Chinese proverb above is that risk management is the only tool which differentiates a good management with a bad one. From a bank's standpoint the term is usually used synonymously with specific uncertainty because the usage of statistics allows us to quantify the uncertainty which is called the measure of dispersion (Shirref, 2004). We know that every country have mostly two regulators on their heads, one for the banks and one for the companies. Usually Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulates the companies while the Reserve bank regulates the financial institutions. Bank of International Settlement is the regulator of the regulators. From the same concept there is another regulator which regulates the financial institutions risk management department regarding the capital requirement and capital adequacy ratio. The name of the regulator is Basel Accord. Let's see in detail, what Basel accord has in its regulation. FROM ORIGIN OF BASEL TILL IMPLEMENTATION: Basel was an attempt to reduce the quantity of bank failures in a country, due to the insufficient capital which ties a bank's Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) to the risk of the loan Bank's makes. In 1988, The Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS) did the first attempt to implement such methods worldwide, which enhance the risk absorption power of the banks. Basel I was the initial or first set of capital requirement for all actively international banks because it sets charges for the credit risk which is known as crude capital charges. It instituted for the first time the requirement of minimum capital which must be held by the international banks to avoid the financial risk. In 1980, credit risk was the dominant player in risk class for banks but by the early 1990s, banks became more anxious to be a part of the capital market and for those markets which are larger and more liquid, and to play their role, and they did that. The significance and importance of risk then arose in the banks, but the Basel I merely emphasized on the credit risk. To overcome the risk of all traits, a new framework was desperately required to make the risk calculation and reporting more sophisticated. The BCBS agreed upon the market risk amendments in 1996 from there the concept of Basel II was born (Reuvid, 2008). Initially, the capital charges were based on definite standards, defined by the BCBS,

Parents should not allow electronic devices in their children's Essay

Parents should not allow electronic devices in their children's bedrooms - Essay Example Facer et al. (2003) argue that with children spending an average of seven hours per day on different forms of electronic entertainment media, there is need to control their media diet. Limiting the access to such electronic devices at home is a perfect starting point for any parent who intends on reducing their children’s dependence on these forms of entertainment media. According to Facer et al. (2003), creating ‘screen-free’ zones within the home, especially the children’s rooms, is one of the ways parents can minimize the time their children spend on electronic devices. Parents should not allow children to have electronic devices in their bedrooms. This is because the children who have electronic devices in their bedrooms are at a higher risk of suffering the negative impacts of these gadgets due to long exposure hours. The problems that are associated with excessive use of electronic media include eating and sleep disorders, obesity, and difficulties in school because of attention problems. These are problems that most parents would like to protect their children from hence the need to reduce the hours the children are exposed to electronic devices. Sleep deprivation is the other negative effect of electronic devices that affects children. For instance, Boston College survey stated that 75% of children who were allowed to use electronic devices in their bedrooms and a similar proportion aged 9-10 were sleep deprived and had their grades negatively affected (Facer et al., 2003). Of these children, 1 in every 11 is addicted to technology and media. With the children staying late to watch content that promote, among other things, physical and sexual violence, child aggression is likely to increase. Facer et al. (2003) argue that the brains of infants grow between the ages of 0 and 2 years thus providing the appropriate environmental stimulus that is free from electronic devices improves development. Children

Plato Essay Essay Example for Free

Plato Essay Essay 1. a) Explain how Plato’s epistemological assumptions shape his metaphysics (Why does he think that there must be Forms? Hint: Plato says (in effect): â€Å"Since knowledge is certain, therefore the objects of knowledge must be unchanging. †). b) Define Plato’s Forms and present the theory of Forms by explaining the â€Å"divided line. † (You can use the visual image, but explain it. ) Plato was extremely devoted in answering the sophists’ skepticism about reason and morality. To do so, he spent more time than any philosopher before him studying knowledge, or epistemology. He realized that to answer the sophists’ skepticism he had to first solve the three main problems that earlier philosophers had left behind; the problems of change, the â€Å"one† and the â€Å"many†, and the problem between appearance and reality. Plato started where Heraclitus, who said that everything is changing, and Parmenides, who said that nothing ever changes, left off. He said that both philosophers were correct in their assumptions, for they were talking about different types of objects. Heraclitus is correct in terms of the sensible realm; it obviously exists, and is a flux that conforms to the â€Å"measures† as he suggested. Parmenides was correct in terms of the intelligible realm. Plato thought that beyond the world of physical objects in space and time is another world that is nonphysical, non-spatial, and non-temporal. He called this the world of ideai, or forms. These forms are nonphysical, non-spatial, non-temporal objects of thought that are more real than anything else. Whenever we are thinking, according to Plato, what we are thinking about is a form. For example, a triangle drawn on the board in class, no matter how perfect and real it may appear is merely a copy of the form of triangle; a plane figure enclosed by three straight lines. It is like a triangle and looking at it helps us think of the real triangle, but it only relates, or â€Å"participates† in Plato’s terms, to its’ true form. This theory applies to the entire sensible realm because everything changes and nothing stays exactly what it is. In the world of forms, however, everything is always what it is and never another thing. Plato believed that because the world of forms is Parmenidean, or eternal and unchanging, it is therefore possible for us to know it. To explain his theory of forms in depth, Plato used the image of the â€Å"divided line†. Take a line and divide it into two unequal parts, one part representing the physical world and one representing the world of forms. Then, subdivide these two parts in the same ratio, creating two sub-parts of the physical world (call them A and B) and two of the world of forms (call them C and D). Plato says let the first, or lowest, section of the physical world (A) stand for images, such as shadows or reflections. Let the second section of the physical world (B) stand for the actual objects that cast these shadows, like trees, humans, or desks. In the world of forms, Plato continues, let the first section (C) stand for the lower forms, or the forms of the objects in section B. The second section in the world of forms, the highest section of all, (D) then stands for the higher forms, or the science of first principles; the knowledge that, if possessed, would prove the basic assumptions of the special sciences. Plato believed that the nearer we are to the base of the divided line (A), the more conditioned our knowledge is. We can move up the line through dialectic, a process of questions and answer that utilizes hypothesis, criticism, and revision to move nearer to unconditioned knowledge. The higher we climb via this dialectic, the more we rid ourselves of conditions and the better we grasp the knowledge of the non-material abstract forms (D). According to Plato, these are the forms that possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. 2. a) How does the Form Man explain the existence of the many individual men? b) What is the nature of man and how is the individual man analogous to the state? c) What is virtue or justice in man and in the state? Plato’s theory of Forms led him to many assumptions, one of the most important of which is his view on the form of â€Å"man† and his relation to the state. He understood that no one man has ever been perfect and that each man participates in the form â€Å"man† to different degrees. Individual men are adequate copies of the true form of â€Å"man†. Plato believed that the men who participate in the form more fully are going to more real, and therefore  better, then the men who participate less. This is better explained by his philosophy of the nature of man and his analogous relationship to the state. Plato recognized the nature of man as a psyche, or soul, that was grouped into three main parts. Each of these three parts have motions proper to them that he believed, if harmonized, would lead to eudaimonia, a total well-being. The first, and lowest, part of the soul he called the appetites. The highest part Plato called reason. The third part, between appetite and reason, he called spirit. He saw the state as having three main parts as well, each corresponding to one of the three parts of the human psyche. Every state needs a governing body, whether kings or congress, so this will be the first part. The second is reserved for the essential producing class, which includes merchants, industrial workers, agriculturists, and so on. Third, Plato held that every state needs a group, between the governing and producing classes, to maintain the state against enemies; this is the guardian group. The analogy relates the producing class to appetite in the individual, the governing class to reason, and the guardians to spirit. Plato wasn’t just satisfied with this, he wanted to know the virtues of these classes, in other words, he wanted to know what each could contribute best. Like organs in an organism’s body, Plato believed each part of the soul and state have a particular role to play in the whole; they were not discrete and complete in themselves. He thought that the function of the members of the producing class was to provide themselves and the nonproductive classes with the necessities of life, such as food, shelter, and clothing. He realized that if everybody were to be provided for sufficiently, some of the producers would have to put up with having less than others. They would have to be ready to â€Å"restrict one’s own consumption for the sake of achieving some sort of balance in the state as a whole†, thus their virtue is moderation or as Plato called it, temperance (Jones 169). The guardians, who make up the second class, must be courageous when defending the state against its enemies, thus their virtue is courage. The governors make the highest decisions in the state. They determine war or peace, educational and economic policies, and so on. To make correct decisions they require knowledge; this is their virtue. A state in which each class is performing its function is just state. Only when the rulers are making wise decisions that are executed with courage and loyalty by the guardians, and the rest of the population is exercising some restraint in its pursuit of material well being, will the citizens of the state be happy. Since the state’s three classes exactly correspond to the three parts of the soul, we are able to understand what Plato took to be their respective virtues. Just like in the state, every individual has producing part that keeps them â€Å"alive and active, a rational part that is intended to guide and direct the energy produced by the body, and a spirited part that is intended to help keep the body in order† (Jones 169). Just as the functions of the soul correspond to the state, so do its virtues. A virtuous man is temperate in satisfying his various appetites and lives a life of reason that is supported by his spirited elements. 3. a) Use the allegory of the cave to illustrate Plato’s political views. In doing so, you should b) explain how the theory of forms supports Plato’s favored form of Aristocracy (to begin with, recall the relation between individual men and the Form of man) and c) explain how the theory of Forms grounds his criticism and rejection of democracy (where in â€Å"the cave† are the Athenian democrats?where are they on the divided line? ) As we have seen, Plato uses myths and methods such as the divided line to explain his views on certain things; this is the case, too, with his views on politics. To understand these views we must examine his allegory of the cave. He said to imagine there was men in a dark cave that were chained by their necks and ankles in such a fashion that they could not move their legs or necks and could only see what was in front of them. These men had been in this cave since childhood. Higher up behind them is a fire that is separated from the prisoners by a sort of puppet-show screen. This fire and screen were used by people carrying various artificial objects, such as figures of men, animals, and other materials, to project the shadows of these objects onto the stone in front of the chained men. It was so dark that these prisoners had no clue they were not alone and if they spoke to each other, they assumed they were speaking with the projected images. Plato goes on to say, imagine if one of them were set free and forced up the steep ascent into the sunlight. He would realize that what he experienced in the cave was not as real as what actually existed. Nature and the sun would enlighten this man and therefore he would gain true knowledge of the world as it is. Plato reasoned that these men, the ones who make it out of the cave, are the men who should rule the rest. His politics were based on man being a social animal, with desires, not only for sleeping or drinking, but communicating with his fellow men in the community. Therefore, he thought communal life is good and all other human goods depend on it for any sufficient satisfaction; an individual, who is really part of the larger state, is neither complete nor himself in isolation. If the good life for the individual is possible only by community, then there must be some sort of government to give direction to the numbers of men and women who live and work together. Plato believed that the few who are wise and good should rule the many. As his theory of Forms suggests, all men participate to the form of man to different degrees. He thought that the few men who participate at the highest levels of the form, the most knowledgeable that have exited the cave and been enlightened, are the ones best for ruling, and doing so rationally; the many are lacking in knowledge and virtue. Plato favored an Aristocracy ruled by these knowledgeable philosopher-kings who would impose the temperance on the producers through selective education and controlled propaganda. Each person, in his view, would find their happiness by playing the part in the state that their degree of participation to the form of man best suited them for. Plato therefore criticized democracy because instead of philosopher-kings who have true knowledge, the rulers are chosen on irrelevant grounds. The art of ruling, which he thought to determine what is best, became in democracy the art of appealing to the masses with flattery. Plato believed that in a democracy it is impossible to exit the cave or rise to the highest section of the divided line because it is powered by rhetoric. Rhetoric works at the level of opinion and only invokes belief by emotional mean, rather than operating at the level of knowledge, where analyzing the forms allows us to discover the truth.

Claude McKays If We Must Die Essay -- essays research papers fc

Claude McKay's If We Must Die One of the most influential writers of the Harlem Renaissance was Jamaican born Claude McKay, who was a political activist, a novelist, an essayist and a poet. Claude McKay was aware of how to keep his name consistently in mainstream culture by writing for that audience. Although in McKay’s arsenal he possessed powerful poems. The book that included such revolutionary poetry is Harlem Shadows. His 1922 book of poems, Harlem Shadows, Barros acknowledged that this poem was said by many to have inaugurated the Harlem Renaissance. Throughout McKay’s writing career he used a lot of dialect and African American vernacular in his writing, which was rather controversial at the time. Writing in dialect wasn’t considered proper for writing formal literature. For this paper I chose the poem â€Å"If We Must Die†, one of his strongest political poem included in Harlem Shadows. The subject matter that McKay writes about is confrontational. Even if McKay used classical poetry techniques to write â€Å"If We Must Die†. McKay used the poetry technique of the sonnet by using the 13 lines and 1 last line in the end. In â€Å"If We Must Die† McKay uses rhymes, and metaphors to associate and personify the poem. Using these techniques the audience can identify with the writer and the poem itself. The poem at first seems to have been written for a black audience but then it grew tremendously for a wider universal audience. This poem spoke to anyone and everyone who was being oppressed or in a situation that they weren’t in control of. This poem was for anyone who is or was put to death. This poem showed that everyone deserves a noble death, a death of honor and respect not to be beaten and treated like an animal but like a human being. â€Å"If We Must Die† was first published in the Liberator in 1919. Then in his compilation of poetry Harlem Shadows in 1922. Where already the world war had ended. It was one of the very first p oems that initiated the tone, subject and matter of the Harlem Renaissance. The poem is revolutionary, it’s the type of poem that makes people think and take action. He made the reader feel important and recognized the value of a human life. McKay believed part of the poets job is to politically inform the minds of people. Leading to the influence of such people as Amiri Baraka, starting the Black Arts Movement. The poem itself is a validation, r... ...Must Die† made the reader, a human being feel important. Instead of seeing yourself as lower than dirt, adapting the mind of the oppressed and not fighting back. We must not sit around while horrendous things happen in our society. If we want a change we have to do it ourselves. â€Å"Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back.† If We Must Die If we must die, let it not be like hogs Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot, While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs, Making their mock at our accursed lot. If we must die, O let us nobly die, So that our precious blood may not be shed In vain; then even the monsters we defy Shall be constrained to honor us though dead! O kinsmen! we must meet the common foe! Though far outnumbered let us show us brave, And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow! What though before us lies the open grave? Like men we'll face the murderous, cowardly pack, Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back! Bibliography WORKS CITED - Arno â€Å"A long way home†[1937] New York Times 1969 - Barros, Paul De â€Å"The Loud Music Of life’: Representations of Jazz In the Novels of Claude McKay.† Antioch Review, Summer 1999. - Claude McKay (1890-1948) March 26, 2000

Twelfth night – would you agree with Viola that the use of disguise and deception is wicked?

Deception is a key theme within Shakespearean drama, whether it be tragedy, history or comedy. It is often the cause of a lot of turmoil, especially within Twelfth Night, as there are many romantic difficulties due to the art of disguise. However Shakespeare does not always use deception to cause romantic problems, he shows the act of deceit in many different lights, as is done in Hamlet, for example. Claudius lies to everyone about the murder of Hamlet's father and as a result is guilt ridden, saying â€Å"O heavy burthen†, so it seems that Shakespeare often intends to portray deception as wicked, but does the audience agree with this concept? For surely some good must come from the great extent of trickery. Twelfth Night is an ideal play to discuss this, as although the chicanery causes a lot of distress, this is evened out by the happy ending we would not receive when discussing a tragedy such as Hamlet. It seems this play is reasonably unbiased. When we first hear of Viola's disguise there is immediate foreshadowing as she says â€Å"what else may hap† (I, ii, 60), surely hinting that a lot shall occur due to the extent of her deception, and we have to wait just two scenes to hear of this. We initially learn how Viola's disguise will cause grief as she tells us in an aside â€Å"myself would be his wife† (I, iiii, 39-41), the audience immediately knows that this is an intricate dilemma, as not only is Orsino her employer, but he also believes her to be a man. This is surely wicked, as Viola's love cannot yet be returned, on the other hand if Viola had not disguised herself then she may not have met, and fell in love with, Orsino. The happy ending does not occur until the end of the play, so there is a lot of hardship for Viola to endure before her wishes are eventually fulfilled. In Act two Viola tries desperately to give Orsino an idea of her love for him, telling him that the person she loves is â€Å"of your complexion† (II, iiii, 24), during this conversation Viola's dialogue is in blank verse, showing that she is unable to express her true love for him, this is another example of the cruelty of deception as it is extremely difficult for someone to conceal their love for someone who is constantly in their presence, the audience would relate to this as similar, less dramatic occurrences can often happen in real life. In the final Act of the play Viola's disguise unravels, and to her ecstasy her femininity is received graciously. Orsino tells her â€Å"you shall from this time be your master's mistress†, this is an extremely successful ending for Viola, so it seems her disguise (previously the bane of her life) has finally brought her good fortune. Therefore, in these circumstances, deception has been wicked, only to eventually be rather gratifying. Viola's love for Orsino is not the only problem emanated from her faiade, as it also causes a woman to fall in love with her. Olivia is immediately struck by Cesario's effeminate way of thinking and she says that Cesario â€Å"do give thee five-fold blazon†. This is a dilemma as Cesario (being female) cannot return this love, and viola's realisation of this love causes her to acknowledge the sheer brutality of the effects of her pretence. She expresses her distress with a soliloquy, saying â€Å"she were better love a dream†. So Viola now believes deception to be a cruel thing, and at this point the audience would tend to agree. We have not yet seen any happiness come from beguilement, so we result in agreeing with Viola, however melodramatic her opinion may be. As a result of all this Olivia is put through much heartbreak, and she acknowledges this saying â€Å"so I did abuse myself† (III, I, 95 – 107), she evidently knows that her love for Cesario is an enigma, although she does not yet know that she is being deceived. So even when characters are unaware that they are being fooled the effects of this trickery can still have treacherous outcomes. Olivia is deceived further still when she, in thinking he is Cesario, marries Sebastian in haste, so that her â€Å"most jealous and too doubtful soul may live at peace†. This may currently be seen by the audience as wicked, due to the fact that Olivia does not know the man she is marrying. However this accidental marriage turns out to be a happy one, as when Cesario is uncovered as Viola Olivia is grateful for the misunderstanding and, as far as we know, goes on to love her new husband Sebastian. This is a clear example of when deception is quite the opposite of wicked, as Olivia originally fell in love with Viola, who Sebastian (being her twin) is supposedly the male version of, and as Olivia does not think of herself as gay, this unlikely coincidence – brought upon by deception – is an extremely successful one. Maria instigates the manipulation of Malvolio through means of deception, and the consequences of this prove very wicked on his behalf. First, he humiliates himself in front of his colleagues. They watch on, making comments such as â€Å"fie on him, jezebel! while he fantasises, with no clue that they are watching. This is surely wicked as Malvolio works himself into an emotional frenzy, causing himself to believe that he loves Olivia, and worst of all that she returns this love. The foolery doesn't stop here, as they take the chicanery as far as they possibly can before they are eventually caught out. Feste even chooses to ridicule Malvolio while he i s imprisoned; deceiving him further still he says he is Sir Topaz. He attempts to convince Malvolio he is insane, saying â€Å"thou art more puzzled than the Egyptians in their fog†. This is severely malicious and causes Malvolio much distress. He acknowledges this, saying â€Å"there was never a man so notoriously abused†, this clearly shows how deception is a hurtful, ruthless thing, especially when used upon cruel intentions. Incidentally, Malvolio is the only character who does not receive a happy ending. He leaves with a passionate line, saying â€Å"I'll be revenged on the whole pack of you! â€Å", yet to our knowledge his vengeance is not resolved, as this is the last we see of him throughout the rest of the play. Viola's disguise even causes herself to be deceived, as there is much confusion concerning herself and Sebastian. This almost causes Viola to be forced into duelling with a man, a fight she would surely lose. Viola knows this and says â€Å"pray God defend me! â€Å", it is surely wicked that her disguise may cause such an unfair fight. On the other hand, it is her disguise which also causes her to be saved from the battle ever occurring. As Antonio thinks she is Sebastian and consequently attempts to fight for her, saying â€Å"I take the fault on me†. So yet again deception is the cause, yet also the remedy for a problem, therefore making it difficult to form an opinion on whether or not deception is wicked. More trouble is to come however, as the confusion between Viola and Sebastian continues to cause difficulties. There is a slight quarrel between Antonio and Viola as he thinks she has his money, he says â€Å"do not tempt my misery†. We are lead to think more arguments will occur due to disguise, but the problem is quickly solved as Antonio calls Viola Sebastian, and the confusion begins to unravel. This is another example of how deception can be the problem which, when resolved, ends up causing a lot of good. It is much like a white lie – sometimes wickedness must be performed in order to do good overall. The whole plot of Twelfth Night depends on the continuous theme of disguise and deception, without it the play would have no foundations on which to grow. How is it that such a crucial factor of the play can be seen as wicked? It is only in Act Two that Viola comments on this, saying â€Å"disguise, I see thou art a wickedness†, therefore surely her opinions may alter since then. At the end of the play she does not seem to have such a bitter perspective on the subject, as it turns out that everything has worked to her advantage. Surely, to decide on whether or not something is wicked, you must decipher the outcomes of it, and whether or not it has been beneficial to the people involved. At the end of the play everyone (except for Malvolio) is happy, Viola and Orsino are in love, as are Olivia and Sebastian. These are the main characters within the play, so these are the ones we should be concentrating on, and the excessive use of deception has obviously worked to their advantage. Admitted, disguise and deception cause a lot of trouble throughout the play, and at times can be seen as very wicked. But the overall effects of this are not wicked, in fact they are quite the opposite! If Shakespeare intended for deception to be seen as a cruel thing, then it is doubtful that he would have made this a romantic comedy. For if he aimed for the audience to have such a pessimistic view on the play, he surely would have made it a tragedy, therefore making the effects of deception obviously bad. I do not think that Shakespeare intends for his audience to see deception as a wicked thing, therefore I do not think they do. Overall I would tend to agree with Viola that disguise is a wickedness, however I believe that Twelfth Night is an exception to this opinion, as although it did cause the characters a lot of grief, this concluded to be a very happy ending, typical of the plays genre. Also I can pick fault with Viola's opinion as she says that the disguise itself is a wickedness. I believe that it is not the disguise that is wicked but of course the nature in which it is used, in the circumstances of this play disguise is used to protect Viola and it is not intended to cause any harm. In my opinion this means that it is not wicked, however had she used deception with cruel intentions – much like Maria – then I would have to agree that it would be a wickedness. Some wickedness may have occurred due to beguilement, bit I think the audience would agree that overall, when referring to Twelfth Night, the act of disguise is not wicked.

Ethical Boundaries and Practices Essay

Follow the directions below to write a paper of 1,500-1,750 words on counselor ethical boundaries and practices. For this paper, write from the perspective that you are a professional counselor in the field. Provide a thoughtful response to each of the following three sections, including specific, concrete examples to illustrate your ideas. Use the section headings provided below to separate each section of your paper. Your final deliverable should be one cohesive paper addressing all three sections along with an introduction and conclusion. Section 1: Boundary Issues and Dual Relationships Part A – Decision-Making Model and Counseling Examples How would you determine if a boundary-crossing or dual relationship is ethical and appropriate? What criteria would you consider when making your decision? Present examples of how you would apply this criteria to at least four counseling situations in which you believe the dual relationship issues are complex and ambiguous. One of your examples should address the issues of physical attraction between clients and counselors. Part B-Ethical Issues and Dimensions In addition, examine these issues in terms of former clients. Address the following: Do the ethical issues (and your opinion about appropriateness) change, depending on how long after the termination of therapy a dual relationship is initiated? What are the key ethical dimensions that might change, after the termination of therapy? Present an example of a situation that you believe would constitute a boundary violation with a current client but might be acceptable with a former client. Section 2: Professional Collaboration in Counseling Part A – Working with a Multidisciplinary Team Explain why counselors frequently collaborate with other stakeholders regarding a client’s care in order to maintain professional and ethical boundaries and practices. For example, professional counselors frequently work with clients with addiction issues. Addiction counselors may work with  clients who also have a co-occurring disorder. The specific roles of each of these counselors are well defined; straying into an area outside your scope of practice is unethical. How would you work independently as a counselor within your scope of practice as well as collaboratively with other mental health professionals to ensure quality client care? What is the role of a counselor in a multidisciplinary team? Part B –Relationships with Supervisors and Colleagues Describe the ethical issues involved in the supervisor-counselor relationship. How is this relationship similar to the counselor-client relationship? How is it different? Outline a series of criteria and describe how you would integrate the criteria into an ethical decision-making model to respond to issues of incompetence and/or unethical conduct by fellow counselors. Section 3: Development of Your Thinking about Ethics Clearly describe what you consider to be the most important developments in your thinking about ethical practice that have occurred during this course. This may include areas in which you have clarified your views and beliefs, modified your thinking on a given issue, gained new insights, or acquired a new perspective. It may include issues whose complexity you now appreciate more fully or difficult issues that you now understand you must grapple with, as a counselor. What have you most learned about yourself and/or about what constitutes becoming an ethical practitioner and how has your thinking about ethics and legal issues changed? Be sure that you include specific examples to illustrate general statements.

Suzuki Samurai Case Analysis Essay Example

Suzuki Samurai Case Analysis Essay Example Suzuki Samurai Case Analysis Essay Suzuki Samurai Case Analysis Essay SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Michio Suzuki founded Suzuki Loom Works, a privately owned loom manufacturing company, in 1909 in Hamamatsu, Japan. In 1954 it changed its name to Suzuki Motor Company, Ltd. Suzuki changed its policy many times according to the market requirements. Suzuki started with introducing its products in Japan and then exporting it to various foreign markets (100 countries). It started off with motorcycles and was now producing trucks subcompact cars as well. Japans voluntary restrain agreement (VRA) quotas made it impossible for Suzuki to export any cars other than the Sprint to USA in future. In1985 Suzuki introduced the SJ413 an upgraded model of SJ 410 and designed especially for US market as further delay would increase the threat of ? Brand Clutter. Suzuki planned to market two versions of the Samurai in USA, a convertible and a hard top. There were other players who were also planning to enter the market. Hyundai Motor Company Zavodi Crvena Zastava (yugo) were expected to enter in 1986. DECISION PROBLEM Suzuki, was now facing the following question?  · How should SJ 413 be positioned in the US market? POSITIONING From the exhibits provided we can figure out that there were two things which were important for the customer while selecting a vehicle:  · Physical Characteristics (Design/appearance)  · Price Based on its physical characteristics, the major three positioning options for Samurai SJ413 were:  · Position as a compact sport utility vehicle  · Position as a compact pickup truck  · Position as a subcompact car Positioning as a Sports Utility Vehicle The most obvious position for the samurai was as a sport utility vehicle. It looked like a mini- jeep and had 4-wheel drive capability. The positioning of Samurai as sport utility vehicle solely

Interactivity Enhancing Learning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interactivity Enhancing Learning - Case Study Example First is the use of the social media which is normally a personalized method and involve the use of weblogs and blogs that help give the learning children a ground to share and express their thoughts and ideas with their peers and other members of the society. Though highly criticized, social media such as my space and Facebook help connect millions and millions of learners who share information and other learning materials. Therefore the social media is credited with the creation of the global network of knowledge sharing that incorporate learners, teachers and other knowledge minded people. Secondly, interactive learning has taken advantage of urban computing technology like the wireless network, smartphones, search engines and other location-based media. These methods allow the competent and high level of interactivity between the people themselves and sometimes with their environment. The technology gives the learners easier time to assimilate knowledge that can be localized. Finally is the intelligent but complex use of serious games that create a virtual world by creating room for role commanding and community interaction. Games help in critical and analytical thinking, cooperation and problem-solving concept development. Research shows that game provides an excellent way of improving one's problem-solving ability; develop creativity, leadership quality, collaboration and other interpersonal skills (Milheim, 1995). According to (Bullard,2014) the adoption and introduction of technology like use of computers have improved both children and adult education through improving the social and the cognitive skills and at the same time enhance children technology skills. According to report from the international society for technology in education (ISTE) the use of technology improve the children through: i) use of devices such as mouse, keyboards, Audiotape and other technologies help develop thinking ability; ii).

Mother Natures Daughters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mother Natures Daughters - Essay Example s actually admitted their failure to respond immediately, to wit: â€Å"our system clearly has structural flaws for addressing catastrophic incidents† (The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned, 2006, p. 66). Therefore, the result was a loss of 1,300 lives and properties destroyed amount to about $96 billion (The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned, 2006). The estimated cost of properties destroyed were later revised to reach $148 billion and the total number of lives lost apparently reached 1,833 (Newman, 2012). On the other hand, the federal and state officials’ response to Hurricane Sandy were deemed to be far better since the lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina enabled legislators to make the necessary changes in emergency and natural disaster preparedness and response. Due to the marked improvement in response, there were only 132 deaths which were reported and an estimated damage amounting to about $71 billion (Newman, 2012). The greater coordination and concerted collaboration among federal and state agencies were instrumental in the improved response. As acknowledged, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was tasked to â€Å"work with our federal, state, tribal and local partners, as well as voluntary organizations, the private sector, and others to respond to the aftermath of Sandy† (FEMA, 2012, par. 1). The Federal responses were better with Hurricane Sandy as could be deduced from the extensive collaboration and cooperative efforts that transpired since the time that the tropical storm was reportedly monitored. Upon review of the timeline of events during Hurricane Sandy’s path of entry to the United States, it could be assessed that FEMA, as the main coordinating agency, seriously adhered to its role and responsibilities through closely coordinating with local state officials, especially the states of New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Boston, among others. It is kept in close contact with other